Inheritance is considered one of the most important aspects of OOP because it serves the feature of re-usability, thus making the piece of code more reliable. This property enables the derived class to acquire the properties or traits of the base class. In the world of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP), Inheritance refers to the mechanism of the capability of a class to derive or extend the properties from another class in the run. A class represents encapsulation as it binds the functionality and behavior into a single unit and represents it as Objects. Abstraction means displaying the content in such a manner that only the essential functions get displayed to the user according to the privileges and the rest of the internal working stays hidden.Įncapsulation refers to the binding of data and functions into a single unit. Print("A is a years old".format( B.name, B.age))Ībstraction is used to hide internal details and display the necessary functionalities. Subscribe to the newsletter to get more such blogs.# instantiate the Dog class i.e create objects Understanding these core concepts and their implementation in Python is essential for any programmer looking to become proficient in OOP and develop high-quality data professional. Python's support for OOP makes it an ideal language for developing large-scale applications and libraries. By using OOP concepts such as classes, objects, inheritance, polymorphism, and encapsulation, developers can write clean, modular, and reusable code. In conclusion, object-oriented programming is a powerful programming paradigm that is widely used in Python and other programming languages. Attempting to access them will result in an AttributeError. Note that the _account_number and _balance attributes are not accessible from outside the class. Examples of procedural languages are C, Fortran, Pascal, VB, etc. Procedural programming: It uses a list of instructions to do computation step by step. Example of object-oriented programming languages is Java, C++. The deposit and withdraw methods modify the _balance attribute, and the get_balance method returns the current balance. Object-oriented programming: It is a problem-solving approach used where computation is done by using objects. In the above example, we define a class BankAccount that has two private data attributes _account_number and _balance and three methods deposit, withdraw, and get_balance. Raise ValueError( "Insufficient balance")ĭef get_balance( self): return self._balance Here's an example: class BankAccount: def _init_( self, account_number, balance):ĭef withdraw( self, amount): if amount > self._balance: In Python, we can achieve encapsulation by making data attributes and methods private using the double underscore ( _) prefix. EncapsulationĮncapsulation is the practice of hiding the implementation details of an object from the outside world. The add method can be called with either two or three arguments. In the above example, we define a class Calculator that has an add method with two required parameters x and y and an optional parameter z with a default value of 0. Here's an example: class Calculator: def add( self, x, y, z= 0): return x + y + z Unfortunately, Python does not support method overloading in the traditional sense, but we can achieve similar functionality using default argument values. Method overloading is when a class has multiple methods with the same name but different parameters. We saw an example of method overriding earlier when we defined the get_details method in the Employee class. Method overriding is when a derived class provides a different implementation of a method that is already defined in the base class. In Python, polymorphism is achieved through method overriding and method overloading. Polymorphism is the ability of objects to take on multiple forms. The Employee class has an additional data attribute salary and overrides the get_details method to include the salary. In the above example, we define a new class Employee that inherits from the Person class. Here's an example: class Person: def _init_( self, name, age):ĭef get_details( self): return f" " The class definition may contain data attributes and methods. In Python, a class is defined using the class keyword, followed by the name of the class. In this blog, we will explore the core OOP concepts in Python with code examples. Python, being an object-oriented programming language, has robust support for OOP concepts. Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm that revolves around the concept of "objects," which are essentially instances of a class that encapsulate data and behaviour.
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